9.- 热力学与热工学

热力学是物理学的一个分支,致力于研究平衡系统中热量,功和能量的其他表现形式之间的相互作用。热力学原理解释了处于平衡状态的宏观系统的整体行为。

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热力学不涉及传热过程,因为它仅研究初始状态和最终状态。这些过程属于热工学的范围,热工学的重点是确定实际热量和能量通量的传导,对流和辐射过程。

从历史上一直通过研究不同系统中的压力,体积和温度关系来研究解释热力学现象的基本定律:

  • 开放式系统:与外部(冷却塔)进行热量和质量交换。
  • 封闭系统:它们仅与外部(带有可移动柱塞的容器)进行热交换。
  • 隔离系统:它们不交换热量或质量(理想的热水瓶)。
  • 从热电厂的能源生产到制冷系统,再到建筑工程,热力学和热工技术有许多用途。

设备中的主要实际应用是利用能量和热量的转换和交换的热力机械:发动机,涡轮机,空调,暖气,锅炉,喷嘴,冷却塔…

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热力学与热工学 SUBCATEGORIES

9.1.- 热力学的基本原理和基本概念

热力学是物理学的一个分支,属于现象学的一个分支,它研究的是真实的、非模型的系统,遵循的是实验方法。因此,它们的定义是通过近似和测量变量的方式进行实验。从宏观上看,热力学系统是通过变量来定义的。可以测量大量的热力学变量,但只需要一个数字就可以明确地确定系统,即状态函数。压力、体积、温度、熵和焓是一些最重要的状态变量。随着热力学变量的修改,物质的聚集状态发生变化。聚合的基本状态有固态、液态和气态,对于每一种元素或化合物来说,都有一定的压力和温度条件来发生状态变化。为了简化实际的热力学系统和发生的状态变化,引入了理想气体模型概念。它们是由理想气体方程定义的。以同样的方式我们近似于理想的不可压缩...

9.2.- 加热, 通风, 空调和热水

在很多生活中,都需要特定的环境条件,如工业环境、房屋或温室。可以根据要求,借助具体的装置改变空气参数。正常情况下,空气中约有23%的氧气、76%的氮气和1%的质量气体和蒸汽。其中,最重要的是水蒸气,虽然它所占的比例很小,但对湿润表面和材料的蒸发速度具有根本性的意义。空调和通风装置负责改变空气的湿度和其他参数,如温度和压力。随着空气参数的改变,水暖系统被用来获得特定的条件。在日常环境中,可以将水加热用于卫生目的(浴室、淋浴)和其他清洁或加热目的。根据其后续使用情况,用加热系统对水进行调节。生活用水可以通过两种方式制备。所谓积累:在水箱中积累足够的热水,以达到预期的使用目的。通过瞬时加热:水...

9.3.- 热泵

热泵是一种热机,它能将能量以热的形式从一个环境交换到另一个环境,从一个冷源交换到一个暖源。由于热力学的第二原理,热量会自发地从热源转移到冷源,因此,它的运行需要能量输入。热泵的周期如下。压缩:压缩机将电能转化为热能,并将其传递给制冷剂液体,提高其压力和温度。 冷凝:制冷剂在冷凝器中由气态变为液态,向热源放出热量。 膨胀:液体膨胀成气体,冷却下来。 蒸发:从冷源中吸收热量并传递给制冷剂。...

9.4.- 冷藏

制冷是一个热力学过程,包括降低或维持空间或物体的温度。该过程包括从冷源中提取热量并将其传递给热源。冷却液是用来输送能量的。最广泛的制冷系统是制冷循环系统。该系统遵循经典的压缩周期。压缩:压缩机将电能转化为热能,并将其传递给制冷剂液体,提高其压力和温度。 冷凝:制冷剂在冷凝器中由气态变为液态,向热源放出热量。 膨胀:液体膨胀成气体,冷却下来。 蒸发:从冷源中吸收热量并传递给制冷剂。...

9.5.- 热力液压管路系统

热力液压管道都是属于热力装置的流体输送系统。在建筑物中,这些系统被用作供暖和卫生设施的一部分。导水系统是根据一定的目标进行设计和计算的,其中最重要的目标是保质保量地提供所有服务用水。建筑物的饮用水供应涉及三种类型的装置。一个是冷水安装,另一个是热水安装,最后一个是环卫安装,包括废水和雨水的疏通。另一方面,供暖系统是一个封闭的回路,里面有水。它在锅炉中加热,在散热器中放出热量。供人饮用的冷水装置是由水箱、管道、配件等各种要素组成的,必须保证安全卫生,避免微生物的发展。在这类安装中,必须特别注意军团菌的发展,军团菌是一种生活在死水或含有有机物的水中的细菌。研究材料也很重要,因为大多数固体加热...

9.6.- 传播热量

热力学定律处理的是能量传递和热与功之间的相互作用,但只是在平衡系统中。因此,它们可以让我们确定初始和最终状态,但对预测和量化中间过程没有用。传热提供了确定这些过程的方法。传热方式有三种。 传导:在固体介质中发生的温度梯度的作用,使热量从温度较高的区域向温度较低的区域传递。单位时间内传导的热量与温度梯度乘以面积 A 成正比。对流:当流体与固体表面接触时,流体的颗粒与固体之间发生交换。有两个对流过程。自由对流:驱动力来自于流体颗粒间的密度差。与固体接触的颗粒改变了温度和密度,从而引起向上流动。 强制对流:驱动力来自外部,使流体在表面移动。...

9.7.- 换热器

热交换器是一种在两种流体之间传递热量的机械设备。热量可以通过流体之间的接触或通过隔开它们的固体屏障来传递。它们是空调、制冷、空气调节等系统的基本元件。直接接触式换热器是指通过两股气流的摩擦来传递热量的换热器。这种类型的换热器用于在传输过程后,流体容易分离的情况下,例如在冷却塔中。间接接触式换热器的隔墙将两种流体隔开,热量通过对流和传导的方式传递。在间接接触式热交换器中,有两个子群。交替:流体交替地在同一空间内流动。热流体将热量传递给表面,冷流体与之接触时吸收热量。表面:热量通过固体屏障传递,将流体分开。它们在各类系统中最为广泛。根据分离面的不同,它们可以是:板式换热器:分离面为平壁。管式...

9.8.- 热机

热机是一组机械元件,通过可压缩流体将能量从热源传递到冷源的循环过程进行工作。在热机中,工作流体在通过时有明显的密度变化。相反,在液压机中,这种变化可以忽略不计。热机的分类有几个标准。根据能量传递的方向:电机或发电机。根据其构成:旋转式或往复式。根据流量的连续性:容积式或连续式流量。根据燃烧的地点:外燃或内燃。最重要的火力发电设备是:涡轮机:是一种流体连续通过的旋转机械,它通过轴传递能量。当流体通过构成机器的叶片时,其压力会降低,使其旋转。内燃机:顾名思义,它是一种直接从燃烧室内产生的燃料获得机械能的机器。最广泛的有:内燃机(奥托循环)、柴油机(柴油循环)、斯特林发动机。蒸汽机:是一种将热...

9.9.- 内部燃烧发动机

内燃机是指燃料与空气混合气的化学能在工作气缸内经过燃烧过程后转化为机械能的流体机械。在燃烧过程中,燃料所含的能量通过其点火和随后在发动机内部的氧化作用释放出来。内燃机的主要类型有:奥托循环内燃机:这是传统的汽油机。柴油发动机:用柴油燃料运行。奥托发动机和柴油发动机的主要部件(缸体、活塞、连杆、曲轴、气门和缸盖)相同,除了一些特殊的部件,如奥托发动机的化油器或柴油发动机的喷油器外,包含的系统(动力系统、配气、点火、冷却和启动)也相同。根据工作周期的不同,内燃机可分为以下几种。二笔:他们在每个回合都会进行有用的笔触。四冲程:它们每转两圈就做一次有用的冲程。这些发动机从其他推进方式中脱颖而出,...

9.10.- 安装与维护

当今社会的需求对任何行业来说都是一种挑战,因为行业必须在不断的发展和改造中才能适应这些需求。近年来,由于新的工业革命或 "工业4.0","工业物联网"(IIoT)和 "智能工厂...
热力学与热工学 UNITS
Showing 181-208 of 208 item(s)
PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER - PFGA
  • PFGA
Available
9.9.- 内部燃烧发动机
PFGA
Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
The PFGA unit is a flue gas analyzer stored in a portable case. It is used to check the existence of O2, CO, CO2 and nitrogen oxides in the flue gases from home heating systems with simultaneous measurement of the flue gases temperature and the...
COMPUTER CONTROLLED TEST BENCH FOR HYBRID ENGINE - TMHC
  • TMHC
Available
7.2.3.- 引擎
TMHC
计算机控制混合动力引擎试验台
The Computer Controlled Test Bench for Hybrid Engine, "TMHC", is a teaching unit that allows to study and analyze the power source of a hybrid vehicle, consisting on a combination of an electrical motor and an internal combustion engine.These two...
UNIT TO STUDY A FILTER DRIER  CUTAWAY MODEL - DFCM
  • DFCM
Available
9.10.1.- 分段模型
DFCM
Unit to Study a Filter Drier Cutaway Model
The Unit to Study a Filter Drier Cutaway Model, "DFCM", allows the students to visualize the inner parts of a (element), to evaluate the relation with each other accurately and to understand their functionThe cutaway model of a filter drier is...
UNIT TO STUDY A GAS METER CUTAWAY MODEL - GMCM
  • GMCM
Available
9.10.1.- 分段模型
GMCM
Unit to Study a Gas Meter Cutaway Model
The Unit to Study a Gas Meter Cutaway Model, "GMCM", allows the students to visualize the inner parts of a gas meter, to evaluate the relation with each other accurately and to understand their function.It is a measurement device to determine the...
UNIT TO STUDY A HELICAL OIL SEPARATOR CUTAWAY MODEL - HOSCM
  • HOSCM
Available
9.10.1.- 分段模型
HOSCM
Unit to Study a Helical Oil Separator Cutaway Model
The Unit to Study a Helical Oil Separator Cutaway Model, "HOSCM", allows the students to visualize the inner parts of a liquid separator, to evaluate the relation with each other accurately and to understand their function.It is a real model used...
UNIT TO STUDY A LIQUID SEPARATOR CUTAWAY MODEL - LSCM
  • LSCM
Available
9.10.1.- 分段模型
LSCM
Unit to Study a Liquid Separator Cutaway Model
The Unit to Study a Liquid Separator Cutaway Model, "LSCM", allows the students to visualize the inner parts of a liquid separator, to evaluate the relation with each other accurately and to understand their function.The cutaway model of a liquid...
INTRODUCTION TO REFRIGERATION UNIT - TIR
  • TIR
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
TIR
Introduction to Refrigeration Unit
The Introduction to Refrigeration Unit, "TIR", is a unit with exchangeable sets in which the components are mounted on plates and quickly connected by flexible hoses.The unit consists of a frame with a compressor, a refrigerant accumulator tank to...
ASSEMBLY AND MAINTENANCE IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS UNIT - TAMR
  • TAMR
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
TAMR
制冷设备安装与维护设备
The Assembly and Maintenance in Refrigeration Systems Unit, "TAMR", has been designed to teach the students the planning, implementation and checking of processes related to the assembly, startup and maintenance of refrigeration systems.The fully...
HOME REFRIGERATION MODEL - TRAMC/1
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
TRAMC/1
Home refrigeration model
配件 TRAMC
The minimum supply consists of two main elements: the TRAMC Unit Base, "TRAMC-UB", and at least one of the required elements described below.The models are interconnected by special refrigerant hoses.The main components of the TRAMC Unit Base,...
COMPLETE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM MODEL - TRAMC/4
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
TRAMC/4
Complete Air Conditioning System Model
配件 TRAMC
The minimum supply consists of two main elements: the TRAMC Unit Base, "TRAMC-UB", and at least one of the required elements described below.The models are interconnected by special refrigerant hoses.The main components of the TRAMC Unit Base,...
MEASUREMENT AND REGULATION STATION UNIT - MRST
  • MRST
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
MRST
Measurement and Regulation Station Unit
The Measurement and Regulation Station Trainer,"MRST", designed by EDIBON is a totally accessible bench-top unit. The unit works with an air compressor that simulates the gas flowing inside the pipes (air testing), allowing to check the tightness...
INSTANTANEOUS GAS HEATER EXPERIMENTATION UNIT - IGHT
  • IGHT
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
IGHT
Instantaneous Gas Heater Experimentation Unit
The Instantaneous Gas Heater Trainer, ,IGHT,, designed by EDIBON, is a training unit with wheels to facilitate its mobility that represents a gas heater training system. The unit operates with air, simulating the operation of the heater, so it can...
FORCED DRAFT GAS BURNER UNIT - GBT
  • GBT
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
GBT
Forced Draft Gas Burner Unit
The Forced Air Gas Burner Trainer, "GBT", designed by EDIBON, is a compact teaching unit with wheels to facilitate its mobility. It represents a controlled gas system that supplies a forced air gas burner. It allows the study of the arrangement,...
GAS HOME SUPPLY TRAINER - GHST
  • GHST
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
GHST
Gas Home Supply Trainer
The Gas Home Supply Trainer, ,GHST,, designed by EDIBON, consists of a teaching unit where the elements normally used on any domestic gas installation are arranged on the front panel of the unit as in a real installation. The unit works with air,...
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS UNIT - TEIR
  • TEIR
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
TEIR
Electrical Installations in Refrigeration Systems Unit
For this purpose this unit has been designed to teach the students about different circuits and electrical devices associated with the refrigeration field, how to carry out the wirings of these types of installations, how the refrigeration...
ELECTRICAL CONNECTION OF REFRIGERANT COMPRESSORS UNIT - TECR
  • TECR
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
TECR
Electrical Connection of Refrigerant Compressors Unit
The Electrical Connection of Refrigerant Compressors Unit, "TECR", includes the electrical elements required for the start and operation of a refrigerant compressor and the necessary safety elements, arranged on a panel in a clear and visible way,...
ELECTRICAL FAULTS IN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS UNIT - TEFA
  • TEFA
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
TEFA
Electrical Faults in Air Conditioning Systems Unit
The Electrical Faults in Air Conditioning Systems Unit,"TEFA", is designed in a simple way in order to transmit comprehensible knowledge about how identify electrical faults in air conditioning systems. For this purpose, concepts are included to...
THREE-WAY MIXING VALVE TRAINING UNIT - TEV3V
  • TEV3V
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
TEV3V
Three-Way Mixing Valve Training Unit
The Three-Way Mixing Valve Training Unit, "TEV3V", allows to demonstrate the function of a three-way mixing valve in a hot water heating system. The three-way mixing valve in the heating system regulates the supply water temperature to a heating...
FOUR-WAY MIXING VALVE TRAINING UNIT - TEV4V
  • TEV4V
Available
9.10.3.- 安装和维护惯例
TEV4V
Four-Way Mixing Valve Training Unit
The Four-Way Mixing Valve Training Unit, "TEV4V", allows to demonstrate the function of a four-way mixing valve in a hot water heating system. The four-way mixing valve in the heating system regulates the circulation and feed flow temperatures of...
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